日志

• 简介
• 配置
  • 可用的通道驱动
  • 通道前置条件
  • 记录弃用警告
• 构建日志栈
• 写入日志消息
  • 上下文信息
  • 写入指定通道
• Monolog 通道自定义
  • 为通道自定义 Monolog
  • 创建 Monolog Handler 通道
  • 通过工厂创建自定义通道
• 使用 Pail 跟踪日志消息
  • 安装
  • 使用
  • 过滤日志

简介

为了帮助你更好地了解应用程序内部正在发生的事情，Laravel 提供了强大的日志服务，允许你将消息记录到文件、系统错误日志中，甚至发送到 Slack，以通知整个团队。

Laravel 日志基于“通道”。每个通道代表一种特定的日志信息写入方式。例如，single 通道会将日志写入单个日志文件，而 slack 通道会将日志消息发送到 Slack。根据日志的严重级别，日志消息可以被写入多个通道。

在底层，Laravel 使用 Monolog 库，它支持多种强大的日志处理器。Laravel 使这些处理器的配置变得非常简单，允许你对它们进行组合搭配，以自定义应用程序的日志处理方式。

配置

所有用于控制应用程序日志行为的配置选项都位于 config/logging.php 配置文件中。该文件允许你配置应用程序的日志通道，因此请务必查看每个可用通道及其选项。下面我们将介绍几个常见的选项。

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默认情况下，Laravel 在记录日志消息时会使用 stack 通道。stack 通道用于将多个日志通道聚合为一个通道。有关构建日志栈的更多信息，请查看下面的文档。

可用的通道驱动

每个日志通道都由一个“驱动”提供支持。驱动决定日志消息实际如何以及在哪里被记录。以下日志通道驱动在每个 Laravel 应用程序中都可用。应用程序的 config/logging.php 配置文件中已经包含了这些驱动中的大多数条目，因此请务必查看该文件，以熟悉其中的内容：

[!注意]
请查看高级通道自定义文档，以了解有关 monolog 和 custom 驱动的更多信息。

配置通道名称

默认情况下，Monolog 在实例化时会使用与当前环境匹配的“通道名称”，例如 production 或 local。要更改此值，可以在通道配置中添加一个 name 选项：

'stack' => [
    'driver' => 'stack',
    'name' => 'channel-name',
    'channels' => ['single', 'slack'],
],

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通道前置条件

配置 Single 和 Daily 通道

single 和 daily 通道有三个可选的配置选项：bubble、permission 和 locking。

此外，daily 通道的保留策略可以通过 LOG_DAILY_DAYS 环境变量进行配置，或者通过设置 days 配置选项进行配置。

配置 Papertrail 通道

papertrail 通道需要 host 和 port 配置选项。这些选项可以通过 PAPERTRAIL_URL 和 PAPERTRAIL_PORT 环境变量进行定义。你可以从 Papertrail 获取这些值。

配置 Slack 通道

slack 通道需要一个 url 配置选项。该值可以通过 LOG_SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL 环境变量进行定义。这个 URL 应与为你的 Slack 团队配置的传入 Webhook URL 相匹配。

默认情况下，Slack 只会接收 critical 级别及以上的日志；不过，你可以通过 LOG_LEVEL 环境变量进行调整，或者修改 Slack 日志通道配置数组中的 level 配置选项。

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Logging Deprecation Warnings

PHP, Laravel, and other libraries often notify their users that some of their features have been deprecated and will be removed in a future version. If you would like to log these deprecation warnings, you may specify your preferred deprecations log channel using the LOG_DEPRECATIONS_CHANNEL environment variable, or within your application's config/logging.php configuration file:

'deprecations' => [
    'channel' => env('LOG_DEPRECATIONS_CHANNEL', 'null'),
    'trace' => env('LOG_DEPRECATIONS_TRACE', false),
],

'channels' => [
    // ...
]

Or, you may define a log channel named deprecations. If a log channel with this name exists, it will always be used to log deprecations:

'channels' => [
    'deprecations' => [
        'driver' => 'single',
        'path' => storage_path('logs/php-deprecation-warnings.log'),
    ],
],

Building Log Stacks

As mentioned previously, the stack driver allows you to combine multiple channels into a single log channel for convenience. To illustrate how to use log stacks, let's take a look at an example configuration that you might see in a production application:

'channels' => [
    'stack' => [
        'driver' => 'stack',
        'channels' => ['syslog', 'slack'], // [tl! add]
        'ignore_exceptions' => false,
    ],

    'syslog' => [
        'driver' => 'syslog',
        'level' => env('LOG_LEVEL', 'debug'),
        'facility' => env('LOG_SYSLOG_FACILITY', LOG_USER),
        'replace_placeholders' => true,
    ],

    'slack' => [
        'driver' => 'slack',
        'url' => env('LOG_SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL'),
        'username' => env('LOG_SLACK_USERNAME', 'Laravel Log'),
        'emoji' => env('LOG_SLACK_EMOJI', ':boom:'),
        'level' => env('LOG_LEVEL', 'critical'),
        'replace_placeholders' => true,
    ],
],

Let's dissect this configuration. First, notice our stack channel aggregates two other channels via its channels option: syslog and slack. So, when logging messages, both of these channels will have the opportunity to log the message. However, as we will see below, whether these channels actually log the message may be determined by the message's severity / "level".

Log Levels

Take note of the level configuration option present on the syslog and slack channel configurations in the example above. This option determines the minimum "level" a message must be in order to be logged by the channel. Monolog, which powers Laravel's logging services, offers all of the log levels defined in the RFC 5424 specification. In descending order of severity, these log levels are: emergency, alert, critical, error, warning, notice, info, and debug.

So, imagine we log a message using the debug method:

Log::debug('An informational message.');

Given our configuration, the syslog channel will write the message to the system log; however, since the error message is not critical or above, it will not be sent to Slack. However, if we log an emergency message, it will be sent to both the system log and Slack since the emergency level is above our minimum level threshold for both channels:

Log::emergency('The system is down!');

Writing Log Messages

You may write information to the logs using the Log facade. As previously mentioned, the logger provides the eight logging levels defined in the RFC 5424 specification: emergency, alert, critical, error, warning, notice, info and debug:

use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Log;

Log::emergency($message);
Log::alert($message);
Log::critical($message);
Log::error($message);
Log::warning($message);
Log::notice($message);
Log::info($message);
Log::debug($message);

You may call any of these methods to log a message for the corresponding level. By default, the message will be written to the default log channel as configured by your logging configuration file:

<?php

namespace App\Http\Controllers;

use App\Models\User;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Log;
use Illuminate\View\View;

class UserController extends Controller
{
    /**
     * Show the profile for the given user.
     */
    public function show(string $id): View
    {
        Log::info('Showing the user profile for user: {id}', ['id' => $id]);

        return view('user.profile', [
            'user' => User::findOrFail($id)
        ]);
    }
}

Contextual Information

An array of contextual data may be passed to the log methods. This contextual data will be formatted and displayed with the log message:

use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Log;

Log::info('User {id} failed to login.', ['id' => $user->id]);

Occasionally, you may wish to specify some contextual information that should be included with all subsequent log entries in a particular channel. For example, you may wish to log a request ID that is associated with each incoming request to your application. To accomplish this, you may call the Log facade's withContext method:

<?php

namespace App\Http\Middleware;

use Closure;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Log;
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;

class AssignRequestId
{
    /**
     * Handle an incoming request.
     *
     * @param  \Closure(\Illuminate\Http\Request): (\Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response)  $next
     */
    public function handle(Request $request, Closure $next): Response
    {
        $requestId = (string) Str::uuid();

        Log::withContext([
            'request-id' => $requestId
        ]);

        $response = $next($request);

        $response->headers->set('Request-Id', $requestId);

        return $response;
    }
}

If you would like to share contextual information across all logging channels, you may invoke the Log::shareContext() method. This method will provide the contextual information to all created channels and any channels that are created subsequently:

<?php

namespace App\Http\Middleware;

use Closure;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Log;
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;

class AssignRequestId
{
    /**
     * Handle an incoming request.
     *
     * @param  \Closure(\Illuminate\Http\Request): (\Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response)  $next
     */
    public function handle(Request $request, Closure $next): Response
    {
        $requestId = (string) Str::uuid();

        Log::shareContext([
            'request-id' => $requestId
        ]);

        // ...
    }
}

[!NOTE]
If you need to share log context while processing queued jobs, you may utilize job middleware.

Writing to Specific Channels

Sometimes you may wish to log a message to a channel other than your application's default channel. You may use the channel method on the Log facade to retrieve and log to any channel defined in your configuration file:

use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Log;

Log::channel('slack')->info('Something happened!');

If you would like to create an on-demand logging stack consisting of multiple channels, you may use the stack method:

Log::stack(['single', 'slack'])->info('Something happened!');

On-Demand Channels

It is also possible to create an on-demand channel by providing the configuration at runtime without that configuration being present in your application's logging configuration file. To accomplish this, you may pass a configuration array to the Log facade's build method:

use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Log;

Log::build([
  'driver' => 'single',
  'path' => storage_path('logs/custom.log'),
])->info('Something happened!');

You may also wish to include an on-demand channel in an on-demand logging stack. This can be achieved by including your on-demand channel instance in the array passed to the stack method:

use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Log;

$channel = Log::build([
  'driver' => 'single',
  'path' => storage_path('logs/custom.log'),
]);

Log::stack(['slack', $channel])->info('Something happened!');

Monolog Channel Customization

Customizing Monolog for Channels

Sometimes you may need complete control over how Monolog is configured for an existing channel. For example, you may want to configure a custom Monolog FormatterInterface implementation for Laravel's built-in single channel.

To get started, define a tap array on the channel's configuration. The tap array should contain a list of classes that should have an opportunity to customize (or "tap" into) the Monolog instance after it is created. There is no conventional location where these classes should be placed, so you are free to create a directory within your application to contain these classes:

'single' => [
    'driver' => 'single',
    'tap' => [App\Logging\CustomizeFormatter::class],
    'path' => storage_path('logs/laravel.log'),
    'level' => env('LOG_LEVEL', 'debug'),
    'replace_placeholders' => true,
],

Once you have configured the tap option on your channel, you're ready to define the class that will customize your Monolog instance. This class only needs a single method: __invoke, which receives an Illuminate\Log\Logger instance. The Illuminate\Log\Logger instance proxies all method calls to the underlying Monolog instance:

<?php

namespace App\Logging;

use Illuminate\Log\Logger;
use Monolog\Formatter\LineFormatter;

class CustomizeFormatter
{
    /**
     * Customize the given logger instance.
     */
    public function __invoke(Logger $logger): void
    {
        foreach ($logger->getHandlers() as $handler) {
            $handler->setFormatter(new LineFormatter(
                '[%datetime%] %channel%.%level_name%: %message% %context% %extra%'
            ));
        }
    }
}

[!NOTE]
All of your "tap" classes are resolved by the service container, so any constructor dependencies they require will automatically be injected.

Creating Monolog Handler Channels

Monolog has a variety of available handlers and Laravel does not include a built-in channel for each one. In some cases, you may wish to create a custom channel that is merely an instance of a specific Monolog handler that does not have a corresponding Laravel log driver. These channels can be easily created using the monolog driver.

When using the monolog driver, the handler configuration option is used to specify which handler will be instantiated. Optionally, any constructor parameters the handler needs may be specified using the handler_with configuration option:

'logentries' => [
    'driver'  => 'monolog',
    'handler' => Monolog\Handler\SyslogUdpHandler::class,
    'handler_with' => [
        'host' => 'my.logentries.internal.datahubhost.company.com',
        'port' => '10000',
    ],
],

Monolog Formatters

When using the monolog driver, the Monolog LineFormatter will be used as the default formatter. However, you may customize the type of formatter passed to the handler using the formatter and formatter_with configuration options:

'browser' => [
    'driver' => 'monolog',
    'handler' => Monolog\Handler\BrowserConsoleHandler::class,
    'formatter' => Monolog\Formatter\HtmlFormatter::class,
    'formatter_with' => [
        'dateFormat' => 'Y-m-d',
    ],
],

If you are using a Monolog handler that is capable of providing its own formatter, you may set the value of the formatter configuration option to default:

'newrelic' => [
    'driver' => 'monolog',
    'handler' => Monolog\Handler\NewRelicHandler::class,
    'formatter' => 'default',
],

Monolog Processors

Monolog can also process messages before logging them. You can create your own processors or use the existing processors offered by Monolog.

If you would like to customize the processors for a monolog driver, add a processors configuration value to your channel's configuration:

'memory' => [
    'driver' => 'monolog',
    'handler' => Monolog\Handler\StreamHandler::class,
    'handler_with' => [
        'stream' => 'php://stderr',
    ],
    'processors' => [
        // Simple syntax...
        Monolog\Processor\MemoryUsageProcessor::class,

        // With options...
        [
            'processor' => Monolog\Processor\PsrLogMessageProcessor::class,
            'with' => ['removeUsedContextFields' => true],
        ],
    ],
],

Creating Custom Channels via Factories

If you would like to define an entirely custom channel in which you have full control over Monolog's instantiation and configuration, you may specify a custom driver type in your config/logging.php configuration file. Your configuration should include a via option that contains the name of the factory class which will be invoked to create the Monolog instance:

'channels' => [
    'example-custom-channel' => [
        'driver' => 'custom',
        'via' => App\Logging\CreateCustomLogger::class,
    ],
],

Once you have configured the custom driver channel, you're ready to define the class that will create your Monolog instance. This class only needs a single __invoke method which should return the Monolog logger instance. The method will receive the channels configuration array as its only argument:

<?php

namespace App\Logging;

use Monolog\Logger;

class CreateCustomLogger
{
    /**
     * Create a custom Monolog instance.
     */
    public function __invoke(array $config): Logger
    {
        return new Logger(/* ... */);
    }
}

Tailing Log Messages Using Pail

Often you may need to tail your application's logs in real time. For example, when debugging an issue or when monitoring your application's logs for specific types of errors.

Laravel Pail is a package that allows you to easily dive into your Laravel application's log files directly from the command line. Unlike the standard tail command, Pail is designed to work with any log driver, including Sentry or Flare. In addition, Pail provides a set of useful filters to help you quickly find what you're looking for.

Installation

[!WARNING]
Laravel Pail requires the PCNTL PHP extension.

To get started, install Pail into your project using the Composer package manager:

composer require --dev laravel/pail

Usage

To start tailing logs, run the pail command:

php artisan pail

To increase the verbosity of the output and avoid truncation (…), use the -v option:

php artisan pail -v

For maximum verbosity and to display exception stack traces, use the -vv option:

php artisan pail -vv

To stop tailing logs, press Ctrl+C at any time.

Filtering Logs

--filter

You may use the --filter option to filter logs by their type, file, message, and stack trace content:

php artisan pail --filter="QueryException"

--message

To filter logs by only their message, you may use the --message option:

php artisan pail --message="User created"

--level

The --level option may be used to filter logs by their log level:

php artisan pail --level=error

--user

To only display logs that were written while a given user was authenticated, you may provide the user's ID to the --user option:

php artisan pail --user=1