15.重构的艺术

未匹配的标注

本节说明

  • 对应视频第 15 小节:A Lesson in Refactoring

本节内容

本节让我们来对之前不那么优雅的代码进行重构。很多人都不喜欢进行重构,一个很重要的原因就是害怕重构了代码之后,其他地方会发生错误。可是对于我们来说,在重构的时候完全不用担心这一点。因为我们有测试来帮我们保证已有功能不会被破坏:
file
forum\app\Http\Controllers\ThreadsController.php

.
.
public function index(Channel $channel)
{
    if($channel->exists){
        $threads = $channel->threads()->latest();
    }else{
        $threads = Thread::latest();
    }

    if($username = request('by')){
        $user = \App\User::where('name',$username)->firstOrFail();

        $threads->where('user_id',$user->id);
    }

    $threads  = $threads->get();

    return view('threads.index',compact('threads'));
}
.
.

现在我们需要对上面这段代码进行重构,通常的一个方法是将获取$threads的代码片段抽取出来:

.
.
public function index(Channel $channel)
{
    $threads = $this->getThreads($channel);

    return view('threads.index',compact('threads'));
}
.
.
protected function getThreads(Channel $channel)
{
    if ($channel->exists) {
        $threads = $channel->threads()->latest();
    } else {
        $threads = Thread::latest();
    }

    if ($username = request('by')) {
        $user = \App\User::where('name', $username)->firstOrFail();

        $threads->where('user_id', $user->id);
    }

    $threads = $threads->get();
    return $threads;
}

运行测试,功能仍然完整:
file
但是我们不准备这么做。因为在后面我们可能会根据不同的条件进行筛选,仅仅像上面那样,功能太单一,无法满足我们的需求。
首先新建forum\app\Filters\ThreadsFilters.php

<?php

namespace App\Filters;

class ThreadsFilters
{

}

重新重构ThreadsController.php

.
.
use App\Filters\ThreadsFilters;
.
.
public function index(Channel $channel,ThreadsFilters $filters)
{
    if ($channel->exists) {
        $threads = $channel->threads()->latest();
    } else {
        $threads = Thread::latest();
    }

    $threads = $threads->filter($filters)->get();

    return view('threads.index',compact('threads'));
}
.
.

我们在头部引用了ThreadsFilters类,并且注入到index()方法的参数中。通过调用模型层的filter()方法,获取到相应筛选条件下的$htreads。此时filter()方法还不存在,接下来新建filter()方法:
forum\app\Thread.php

.
.
public function scopeFilter($query,$filters)
{
    return $filters->apply($query);
}
.

注:这里我们使用了 Laravel 本地作用域 。本地作用域允许我们定义通用的约束集合以便在应用中复用。要定义这样的一个作用域,只需简单在对应 Eloquent 模型方法前加上一个 scope 前缀,作用域总是返回 查询构建器。一旦定义了作用域,则可以在查询模型时调用作用域方法。在进行方法调用时不需要加上 scope 前缀。如以上代码中的 filter() 。

接下来只需补充完整ThreadsFilters.php即可:

<?php

namespace App\Filters;

use App\User;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;

class ThreadsFilters
{
    protected $request;

    public function __construct(Request $request)
    {
        $this->request = $request;
    }

    public function apply($builder)
    {
        if(! $username = $this->request->by) return $builder;

        $user = User::where('name',$username)->firstOrfail();

        return $builder->where('user_id',$user->id);
    }
}

运行测试:
file
测试全部通过,这意味着一切正常。刷新页面:
file
让我们继续重构:
forum\app\Filters\ThreadsFilters.php

<?php

namespace App\Filters;

use App\User;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;

class ThreadsFilters
{
    protected $request;
    protected $builder;

    public function __construct(Request $request)
    {
        $this->request = $request;
    }

    public function apply($builder)
    {
        $this->builder = $builder;

        if(! $username = $this->request->by) return $builder;

        return $this->by($username);
    }

    /**
     * @param $username
     * @return mixed
     */
    protected function by($username)
    {
        $user = User::where('name', $username)->firstOrfail();

        return $this->builder->where('user_id', $user->id);
    }
}

运行测试:
file
一切正常,但是我们依然可以继续重构:
forum\app\Filters\ThreadsFilters.php

.
.
public function apply($builder)
{
    $this->builder = $builder;

    if($this->request->has('by')){
        $this->by($this->request->by);
    }

    return $this->builder;
}
.
.

运行测试:
file
如果我们想在后面根据其他的条件进行筛选,那我们几乎需要重写一遍ThreadsFilters.php。我们不希望这么做,所以我们继续重构:
forum\app\Filters\ThreadsFilters.php

 <?php

namespace App\Filters;

use App\User;

class ThreadsFilters extends Filters
{
    protected $filters = ['by'];

    /**
     * @param $username
     * @return mixed
     */
    protected function by($username)
    {
        $user = User::where('name', $username)->firstOrfail();

        return $this->builder->where('user_id', $user->id);
    }
}

并且新建Filters.php基类文件:
forum\app\Filters\Filters.php

 <?php

namespace App\Filters;

use Illuminate\Http\Request;

abstract class Filters
{

    protected $request,$builder;
    protected $filters = [];

    public function __construct(Request $request)
    {
        $this->request = $request;
    }

    /**
     * @param $builder
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function apply($builder)
    {
        $this->builder = $builder;

        foreach ($this->filters as $filter){
            if( ! $this->hasFilter($filter)) return;

            $this->$filter($this->request->$filter);

        }

        return $this->builder;
    }

    /**
     * @param $filter
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function hasFilter($filter)
    {
        return method_exists($this, $filter) && $this->request->has($filter);
    }
}

我们新建了基类Filters ,并且将可复用的代码抽取到了基类中,使得ThreadsFilters十分简洁。运行测试:
file
依然一切正常。现在访问 forum.test/threads?by=NoNo1 这样的地址已经正常,但是我们想让在用户访问 forum.test/threads?by=NoNo1&bad... 这样的地址的时候,将其他的请求参数过滤,只保留下我们认可的筛选条件。当前我们希望只保留下by=NoNo1让我们进行筛选。所以继续重构,使用 only 方法达到我们的目的:
forum\app\Filters\Filters.php

<?php

namespace App\Filters;

use Illuminate\Http\Request;

abstract class Filters
{

    protected $request,$builder;
    protected $filters = [];

    public function __construct(Request $request)
    {
        $this->request = $request;
    }

    /**
     * @param $builder
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function apply($builder)
    {
        $this->builder = $builder;

        foreach ($this->getFilters() as $filter => $value){
            if(method_exists($this,$filter)){  // 注:此处是 hasFilter() 方法的重构
                $this->$filter($value);
            }
        }

        return $this->builder;
    }

    public function getFilters()
    {
        return $this->request->only($this->filters);
    }
}

注:我们重构之后将hasFilter()方法去掉了,因为我们有更好的写法。

运行测试:
file
发现有一个测试未通过,我们将$this->getFilters()的值打印出来:

.
.
public function getFilters()
{dd($this->request->only($this->filters));
    return $this->request->only($this->filters);
}
.
.

file
这种情况下是正常的。 但是,当我们访问 forum.test/threads 这样的地址时:
file
此时by的值为null,然后我们调用了null方法,于是抛出异常。我们希望没有by请求参数时,就不进行筛选。intersect 方法可以满足我们的需求。改用 intersect 方法:

.
.
public function getFilters()
{dd($this->request->intersect($this->filters));
    return $this->request->intersect($this->filters);
}
.
.

刷新页面:
file
去掉dd()后再次运行测试:
file
刷新页面:
file
最后,我们将控制器代码重构:
forum\app\Http\Controllers\ThreadsController.php

.
.
public function index(Channel $channel,ThreadsFilters $filters)
{
    $threads = Thread::latest()->filter($filters);

    if ($channel->exists) {
        $threads->where('channel_id',$channel->id);
    }

    $threads = $threads->get();

    return view('threads.index',compact('threads'));
}
.
.

filter()使用的是 Laravel 的 本地作用域 ,作用域返回 查询构建器。所以我们可以很方便地链式调用where()方法:

$threads->where('channel_id',$channel->id);

仍然,我们可以继续将获取$threads的代码抽取成一个新的方法。继续重构:

.
.
public function index(Channel $channel,ThreadsFilters $filters)
{
    $threads = $this->getThreads($channel, $filters);

    return view('threads.index',compact('threads'));
}
.
.
protected function getThreads(Channel $channel, ThreadsFilters $filters)
{
    $threads = Thread::latest()->filter($filters);

    if ($channel->exists) {
        $threads->where('channel_id', $channel->id);
    }

    $threads = $threads->get();
    return $threads;
}

最后,运行一下测试:
file
一切正常,Perfect!

本文章首发在 LearnKu.com 网站上。

上一篇 下一篇
《L01 基础入门》
我们将带你从零开发一个项目并部署到线上,本课程教授 Web 开发中专业、实用的技能,如 Git 工作流、Laravel Mix 前端工作流等。
《L02 从零构建论坛系统》
以构建论坛项目 LaraBBS 为线索,展开对 Laravel 框架的全面学习。应用程序架构思路贴近 Laravel 框架的设计哲学。